Fig. 2

Heatmap of the causal effects of COPD, PRISm and lung function index on brain cortical structure. The nominally significant P-value were shown in the figure with *. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; PRISm: preserved ratio impaired spirometry; SA: surface area; TH: thickness