Table 1 Baseline characteristic comparisons

Patient number

114

113

113

113

COPD, n (%)

5 (4.39%)

4 (3.54%)

4 (3.54%)

4 (3.54%)

1.000

Smoking status, n (%)

0.029

Never

69 (61.10%)

74 (66.70%)

80 (70.80%)

72 (63.70%)

Former

26 (23.00%)

23 (20.70%)

12 (10.60%)

13 (11.50%)

Current

18 (15.90%)

14 (12.60%)

21 (18.60%)

28 (24.80%)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

0.923

Never

75 (68.20%)

78 (69.00%)

82 (72.60%)

77 (68.10%)

Former

21 (19.10%)

20 (17.70%)

15 (13.30%)

18 (15.90%)

Current

14 (12.70%)

15 (13.30%)

16 (14.20%)

18 (15.90%)

Systolic BP, median (IQR, mmHg)

126 (115, 138)

125 (116, 139)

133 (117, 147)

128 (114, 141)

0.089

Diastolic BP, Mean (SD, mmHg)

78.60 (8.63)

80.10 (10.40)

82.20 (10.40)

80.90 (11.00)

0.072

Height, median (IQR, cm)

161 (155, 168)

162 (155, 168)

162 (158, 167)

162 (158, 168)

0.760

Weight, median (IQR, Kg)

59.00 (51.20, 65.00)

60.00 (54.00, 69.00)

60.00 (53.80, 70.00)

63.00 (57.00, 70.50)

0.005

Age, median (IQR, years)

65.00 (55.00, 71.00)

62.00 (53.00, 70.00)

60.00 (49.00, 67.00)

59.00 (52.00, 67.00)

0.011

Gender, n (%)

0.699

Female

57 (50.00%)

56 (49.60%)

64 (56.60%)

59 (52.20%)

Male

57 (50.00%)

57 (50.40%)

49 (43.40%)

54 (47.80%)

Lesions located in the lungs, n (%)

0.503

Left

53 (46.50%)

44 (38.90%)

45 (39.80%)

42 (37.20%)

Right

61 (53.50%)

69 (61.10%)

68 (60.20%)

71 (62.80%)

Lesions located in lobes, n (%)

0.194

Upper

73 (64.00%)

66 (58.40%)

82 (72.60%)

65 (57.50%)

Lingual/Middle

5 (4.39%)

3 (2.65%)

3 (2.65%)

3 (2.65%)

Lower

36 (31.60%)

44 (38.90%)

28 (24.80%)

45 (39.80%)

Immediate pneumothorax, n (%)

< 0.001

No

47 (41.20%)

49 (43.40%)

87 (77.00%)

84 (74.30%)

Yes

67 (58.80%)

64 (56.60%)

26 (23.00%)

29 (25.70%)

Lesion diameter, median (IQR, cm)

1.30 (0.90, 2.50)

1.10 (0.90, 2.00)

1.20 (0.90, 2.00)

1.70 (0.90, 2.80)

0.025

Puncture needle gauge, n (%, gauge)

0.003

> 17 G

67 (58.80%)

74 (65.50%)

65 (57.50%)

47 (41.60%)

≤ 17 G

47 (41.20%)

39 (34.50%)

48 (42.50%)

66 (58.40%)

Operator experience, n (%, years)

0.019

> 10

65 (57.00%)

72 (63.70%)

64 (56.60%)

87 (77.00%)

5–10

44 (38.60%)

37 (32.70%)

44 (38.90%)

25 (22.10%)

≤ 5

5 (4.39%)

4 (3.54%)

5 (4.42%)

1 (0.88%)

Patient puncture position, n (%)

< 0.001

Supine or prone

67 (58.80%)

91 (80.50%)

109 (96.50%)

112 (99.10%)

Other

47 (41.20%)

22 (19.50%)

4 (3.54%)

1 (0.88%)

Tract length in the lungs, median (IQR, cm)

1.90 (1.30, 2.68)

1.70 (1.20, 2.70)

2.00 (1.30, 2.70)

1.70 (1.10, 2.60)

0.238

Needle-pleura angle, median (IQR, degree)

73.00 (56.20, 81.80)

74.00 (58.00, 82.00)

70.00 (54.00, 83.00)

65.00 (50.00, 80.00)

0.138

Puncture though the interlobar fissure, n (%)

0.940

No

113 (99.10%)

112 (99.10%)

111 (98.20%)

112 (99.10%)

Yes

1 (0.88%)

1 (0.88%)

2 (1.77%)

1 (0.88%)

Number of pleural punctures, n (%)

0.745

1

110 (96.50%)

108 (95.60%)

110 (97.30%)

110 (97.30%)

2

3 (2.63%)

5 (4.42%)

3 (2.65%)

2 (1.77%)

3

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

1 (0.88%)

4

1 (0.88%)

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

Number of needle redirections, median (IQR)

4.00 (3.00, 5.75)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 6.00)

4.00 (3.00, 6.00)

0.258

Operation duration, median (IQR. minutes)

10.00 (5.00, 15.00)

9.00 (6.00, 14.00)

10.00 (6.00, 17.00)

11.00 (7.00, 17.00)

0.014

Intraprocedural pneumothorax, n (%)

0.107

No

99 (86.80%)

100 (88.50%)

104 (92.00%)

108 (95.60%)

Yes

15 (13.20%)

13 (11.50%)

9 (7.96%)

5 (4.42%)

Pulmonary hemorrhage along the needle path, median (IQR, mm)

2.00 (1.00, 5.75)

3.00 (1.00, 7.00)

5.00 (3.00, 11.00)

6.00 (3.00, 13.00)

< 0.001

Delayed pneumothorax n (%)

0.316

No

108 (94.70%)

112 (99.10%)

111 (98.20%)

112 (99.10%)

Yes

6 (5.30%)

1 (0.90%)

2 (1.80%)

1 (0.90%)

No chest-tube insertion

3 (2.63%)

1 (0.88%)

1 (0.88%)

1 (0.88%)

With chest-tube insertion

3 (2.63%)

0 (0.00%)

1 (0.88%)

0 (0.00%)