Table 1 Characteristics of the included prediction model studies
Study | Year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Study participants | BPN [n (%)] | Patient characteristic information | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Setting | Patients characteristics | Diagnostic methods | |||||||
Peled, N. [20] | 2012 | America | prospective trial | 72 | 53 patients with MPN, 19 with BPN | 19(26.39) | the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center | 47 NSCLC (30 adenocarcinomas, 13 squamous cell carcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, and 2 poorly differentiated carcinoma), 6 SCLC | Histologic diagnosis or serial CT |
Bousamra, M., 2nd [21] | 2014 | America | cross-sectional | 147 | 107 patients with LC, 40 patients with BPNs | 40(27.21) | NR | 97 NSCLC, 8 SCLC, 1 combined SCLC and NSCLC, 1 carcinoid | Bronchoscopy, CT-guided biopsy, or surgical biopsy/serial CT scans |
Fu, X. A. [22] | 2014 | America | cross-sectional | 129 | 97 patients with MPN, 32 patients with BPN | 32(24.80) | NR | 88 NSCLC (33 adenocarcinoma, 32 squamous cell carcinoma), 9 SCLC | Biopsy or resection |
Li, M. X. [61] | 2015 | America | cross-sectional | 119 | 85 patients with MPN, 34 patients with BPN | 34(28.57) | the James Graham Brown Cancer Center at the University of Louisville | 78 NSCLC (31 adenocarcinoma, 33 squamous cell,14 Others), 7 SCLC;2 pneumonia, 8 granuloma, 3 inflammation, 2 histoplasmosis, 2 epithelial cells, 1 foamy macrophages, 16 unknown | CT, pathological diagnoses |
Schumer, E. M. [23] | 2015 | America | cross-sectional | 221 | 156 patients with LC, 65 patients with BPNs | 65(29.41) | NR | 103 stage 0-II, 53 stage III-IV | Pathologic/tissue diagnosis or repeated CT |
Phillips, M. [27] | 2019 | America | cross-sectional | 80 | 65 patients with MPN, 15 patients with BPN | 15(18.75) | NR | NR | LDCT, Biopsy |
Shaohua Xie [49] | 2020 | China | cross-sectional | 147 | 104 with MPN, 43 patients with BPN | 43(29.25) | Sichuan Cancer Hospital | NR | CT, Pathologic diagnosis |
Pengqiang Liao [28] | 2021 | China | cross-sectional | 768 | 629 patients with LC, 139 patients with BPN | 139(18.10) | Sichuan Cancer Hospital; Nanchong Central Hospital; Longquanyi CDC | NR | Surgery or biopsy |
Chen, X. [24] | 2021 | China | cross-sectional | 230 | 160 patients with MPN, 70 patients with BPN | 70(30.43) | Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital | 149 NSCLC (117 adenocarcinomas,32 squamous cell carcinoma), 10 SCLC | CT, X-ray, pathological diagnoses |
Rai, S. N. [58] | 2022 | America | cross-sectional | 221 | 156 patients with LC, 65 patients with benign PNs | 65(29.41) | healthy control: from patient family members the James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Jewish Hospital at the University of Louisville | 103 stage 0-II, 53 stage III-IV | CT, PET scans; biopsy or surgically resected specimens |
Ding, X. [60] | 2023 | China | cohort study | PKUPH Cohort: 100 CHPKU Cohort: 63 | PKUPH Cohort: 49 lung cancer patients and 51 benign pulmonary nodules CHPKU Cohort: 39 lung cancer and 24 benign nodules | PKUPH Cohort: 51(51.00) CHPKU Cohort: 24(38.10) | PKUPH Cohort: the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital; CHPKU Cohort: the Cancer Hospital of Peking University | PKUPH Cohort: stage I; 49 adenocarcinom CHPKU Cohort: stage I-III; 19 adenocarcinom, 2 quamous cell carcinoma, 2 small cell lung cancer | CT, pathological diagnoses |