Table 1 Baseline characteristics of NHANES participants (2005–2008, 2015–2018) stratified by healthy lifestyles (unweighted)
Variables | Total (n, %) | Insufficient (n, %) 0–2 points | Intermediate (n, %) 3–4 points | Optimal (n, %) 5–6 points | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(years) | < 0.0001 | ||||
40–59 | 3540 (65.05) | 732 (75.25) | 2026 (63.09) | 782 (62.96) | |
60–69 | 1594 (20.97) | 265 (16.89) | 964 (21.68) | 365 (22.00) | |
≥ 70 | 1272 (13.98) | 148 (7.86) | 789 (15.23) | 335 (15.04) | |
Sex | < 0.0001 | ||||
Male | 3489(51.11) | 694(55.67) | 2134 (54.41) | 661(40.27) | |
Female | 2917(48.89) | 451(44.33) | 1645 (45.59) | 821 (59.73) | |
Ethnicity | < 0.0001 | ||||
White | 3112(76.43) | 521(72.37) | 1848 (76.42) | 743 (79.15) | |
Black | 1256 (8.29) | 283(11.36) | 764 (8.57) | 209 (5.60) | |
Hispanic | 557 (3.74) | 89(3.87) | 337 (3.85) | 131 (3.38) | |
Mexican American | 888 (5.30) | 179(6.46) | 545 (5.47) | 164 (4.11) | |
Other Race | 593 (6.25) | 73(5.94) | 285 (5.70) | 235 (7.76) | |
Education | < 0.0001 | ||||
< High school | 1367(11.80) | 328(18.02) | 792 (11.60) | 247 (8.18) | |
High school | 2368(42.30) | 363(37.39) | 1373 (42.10) | 632 (46.04) | |
> High school | 2671(45.89) | 454(44.59) | 1614 (46.30) | 603 (45.78) | |
Family Size | < 0.01 | ||||
1 | 1254 (16.99) | 664 (19.14) | 499 (14.28) | 91 (23.97) | |
2 | 2335 (40.31) | 1083 (39.63) | 1147 (41.81) | 105 (31.66) | |
3 | 1044 (16.79) | 464 (15.68) | 520 (17.74) | 60 (17.67) | |
4 | 855 (14.28) | 387 (13.22) | 432 (15.34) | 36 (13.67) | |
5 | 514 (7.25) | 242 (7.28) | 242(7.08) | 30(8.51) | |
6 | 251 (2.96) | 125 (3.43) | 113(2.50) | 13(3.22) | |
≥ 7 | 153 (1.41) | 81 (1.62) | 67(1.24) | 5(1.31) | |
Marital Status | < 0.0001 | ||||
Married | 4086 (69.85) | 615 (59.24) | 2433 (69.96) | 1038 (76.62) | |
Divorced | 833 (12.04) | 191 (16.26) | 493 (12.02) | 149 (9.31) | |
Separated | 211 (2.33) | 62 (3.86) | 114 (2.25) | 35 (1.54) | |
Widowed | 481 (5.39) | 83 (4.33) | 274 (5.54) | 124 (5.75) | |
Never married | 445 (5.24) | 101 (7.25) | 260 (5.38) | 84 (3.57) | |
Living with partner | 350 (5.14) | 93(9.06) | 205 (4.85) | 52 (3.21) | |
Family income to poverty ratio | < 0.0001 | ||||
Low | 1461(12.57) | 367(20.75) | 846(12.30) | 248 (7.80) | |
Mid-high | 4945(87.43) | 778(79.25) | 2933(87.70) | 1234(92.20) | |
Depression | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 5968 (94.31) | 2787 (92.65) | 2889 (96.48) | 292 (88.08) | |
Yes | 438 (5.69) | 259 (7.35) | 131 (3.52) | 48 (11.92) | |
Diabetes | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 5374 (87.56) | 944(85.66) | 3126 (86.16) | 1304 (92.14) | |
Yes | 1032 (12.44) | 201(14.34) | 653 (13.84) | 178 (7.86) | |
Hypertension | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 3065 (53.33) | 509(49.91) | 1713 (49.66) | 843 (64.34) | |
Yes | 3340 (46.66) | 636(50.09) | 2065 (50.34) | 639 (35.66) | |
Hyperlipidemia | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 1480 (22.29) | 237(17.31) | 860 (21.95) | 383 (26.41) | |
Yes | 4926 (77.71) | 908(82.69) | 2919 (78.05) | 1099 (73.59) | |
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 5576 (90.06) | 952 (86.56) | 3268 (89.27) | 1356(94.24) | |
Yes | 830 (9.94) | 193 (13.44) | 511 (10.73) | 126 (5.76) | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 6050 (95.00) | 1046 (92.16) | 3565 (94.72) | 1439(97.56) | |
Yes | 356 (5.00) | 99 (7.84) | 214 (5.28) | 43(2.44) | |
Asthma | 0.003 | ||||
No | 5605(87.46) | 976(84.92) | 3285(86.82) | 1344 (90.66) | |
Yes | 801(12.54) | 169(15.08) | 494(13.18) | 138 (9.34) | |
Healthy Eating Index | < 0.0001 | ||||
Low dietary quality (lower 60%) | 2204 (35.61) | 835 (74.96) | 1298(37.21) | 71 (5.75) | |
High dietary quality (upper 40%) | 4202 (64.39) | 310 (25.04) | 2481(62.79) | 1411 (94.25) | |
Physical activity | < 0.0001 | ||||
Inactive (< 600 MET min/week) | 1891 (28.54) | 660 (57.21) | 1110(29.31) | 121 (7.74) | |
Active (≥ 600 MET min/week) | 4515 (71.46) | 485 (42.79) | 2669(70.69) | 1361 (92.26) | |
Sleep | < 0.0001 | ||||
Nonoptimal sleep (< 7 or > 9 h/d) | 2369 (32.75) | 840 (69.10) | 1422(34.04) | 107 (5.60) | |
Optimal sleep (7 to 9 h/d) | 4037 (67.25) | 305 (30.90) | 2357(65.96) | 1375 (94.40) | |
Smoking | < 0.0001 | ||||
Current and past | 3149 (47.42) | 995 (87.37) | 1960 (50.94) | 194 (12.62) | |
Never | 3257 (52.58) | 150 (12.63) | 1819 (49.06) | 1288(87.38) | |
Drinking | < 0.0001 | ||||
Heavy drinking | 921 (14.86) | 466 (43.21) | 437 (12.63) | 18(1.38) | |
Moderate or less drinking | 5485 (85.14) | 679 (56.79) | 3342 (87.37) | 1464 (98.62) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Overweight/obesity | 4800 (73.51) | 1029 (90.21) | 3101 (82.14) | 670 (41.96) | |
Adequate weight | 1606 (26.49) | 116 (9.79) | 678 (17.86) | 812 (58.04) |