Table 1 Baseline characteristics between groups before and after PSM

Age (median [IQR])

69.11 [56.59, 82.46]

69.37 [56.96, 81.68]

0.006

69.63 [58.48, 81.12]

67.88 [57.04, 78.43]

0.112

Gender = M (%)

468 (66.6)

2165 (63.1)

0.072

170 (66.4)

169 (66.0)

0.008

Race (%)

0.111

0.158

ASIAN

16 ( 2.3)

99 ( 2.9)

6 ( 2.3)

8 ( 3.1)

BLACK

69 ( 9.8)

321 ( 9.4)

28 (10.9)

21 ( 8.2)

Other

167 (23.8)

671 (19.6)

58 (22.7)

47 (18.4)

WHITE

451 (64.2)

2338 (68.2)

164 (64.1)

180 (70.3)

Comorbidities

Congestive heart failure (%)

184 (26.2)

1118 (32.6)

0.142

88 (34.4)

79 (30.9)

0.075

Cerebrovascular disease (%)

255 (36.3)

645 (18.8)

0.399

45 (17.6)

65 (25.4)

0.19

Myocardial infarct (%)

106 (15.1)

584 (17.0)

0.053

48 (18.8)

38 (14.8)

0.105

Dementia (%)

42 ( 6.0)

340 ( 9.9)

0.146

17 ( 6.6)

19 ( 7.4)

0.031

Chronic pulmonary disease (%)

162 (23.0)

1014 (29.6)

0.149

81 (31.6)

63 (24.6)

0.157

Malignant cancer (%)

85 (12.1)

461 (13.4)

0.041

39 (15.2)

30 (11.7)

0.103

Charlson comorbidity index (median [IQR]) Interventions((1st 24 h)

5.00 [3.00, 7.00]

5.00 [3.00, 7.00]

0.048

6.00 [3.00, 7.00]

5.00 [3.00, 7.00]

0.171

MV (%)

417 (59.3)

2358 (68.8)

0.198

173 (67.6)

162 (63.3)

0.09

Vasopressor (%) Vital signs

2 ( 0.3)

150 ( 4.4)

0.274

2 ( 0.8)

4 ( 1.6)

0.073

Heart rate (%)

300 (42.7)

1279 (37.3)

0.11

108 (42.2)

110 (43.0)

0.016

Respiratory rate (median [IQR])

19.00 [16.00, 23.00]

21.00 [17.00, 25.00]

0.288

20.00 [16.00, 24.00]

19.00 [16.00, 22.25]

0.193

BMI (median [IQR]) Laboratory tests

25.95 [22.92, 30.43]

26.01 [22.27, 30.46]

0.033

26.01 [22.62, 31.54]

25.20 [22.16, 30.37]

0.113

Hemoglobin (median [IQR])

12.30 [10.20, 13.80]

11.20 [9.40, 13.00]

0.312

11.35 [9.28, 13.00]

11.95 [9.80, 13.43]

0.167

Platelet (median [IQR])

215.00 [162.50, 278.00]

228.00 [162.00, 304.00]

0.159

224.00 [162.25, 292.00]

217.00 [166.75, 287.00]

0.11

WBC (median [IQR])

9.90 [7.40, 13.30]

11.80 [8.30, 16.70]

0.298

10.65 [7.77, 15.30]

10.15 [7.50, 14.03]

0.208

RBC (median [IQR])

4.10 [3.47, 4.58]

3.76 [3.18, 4.35]

0.266

3.78 [3.20, 4.36]

3.92 [3.27, 4.48]

0.083

PO2 (median [IQR])

125.00 [81.00, 225.50]

102.00 [73.00, 183.00]

0.229

111.00 [74.00, 214.50]

112.50 [74.75, 214.00]

0.028

PCO2 (median [IQR])

40.00 [35.00, 47.00]

42.00 [36.00, 50.00]

0.146

41.00 [36.00, 50.00]

42.00 [35.00, 48.00]

0.058

BUN (median [IQR])

19.00 [13.00, 28.50]

23.00 [15.00, 37.00]

0.286

22.00 [15.00, 35.00]

19.00 [12.75, 32.25]

0.13

Creatinine (median [IQR])

0.90 [0.70, 1.30]

1.10 [0.80, 1.60]

0.173

1.10 [0.80, 1.60]

0.90 [0.70, 1.40]

0.14

Glucose (median [IQR])

130.00 [107.00, 171.50]

131.00 [106.00, 176.00]

0.069

135.00 [109.00, 185.50]

129.00 [102.00, 162.75]

0.157

Potassium (median [IQR])

4.10 [3.70, 4.60]

4.30 [3.80, 4.80]

0.148

4.30 [3.80, 4.80]

4.20 [3.70, 4.90]

0.012

Albumin (%)

238 (33.9)

1374 (40.1)

0.129

102 (39.8)

100 (39.1)

0.016

INR (median [IQR])

1.10 [1.00, 1.30]

1.20 [1.10, 1.50]

0.209

1.20 [1.10, 1.40]

1.20 [1.10, 1.40]

0.1

Lymphocytes (median [IQR])

11.60 [6.95, 19.30]

8.90 [5.00, 14.40]

0.327

9.40 [6.00, 15.12]

11.45 [7.20, 18.15]

0.19

Monocytes (median [IQR])

5.40 [3.85, 7.65]

5.00 [3.10, 7.00]

0.111

5.00 [3.50, 7.62]

5.55 [4.00, 7.73]

0.19

Neutrophils (median [IQR])

80.10 [71.25, 86.45]

82.60 [74.00, 88.00]

0.176

83.05 [74.88, 88.12]

79.95 [71.60, 85.73]

0.23

PH (median [IQR]) Severity of illness

7.38 [7.32, 7.43]

7.36 [7.28, 7.42]

0.244

7.36 [7.28, 7.42]

7.37 [7.29, 7.43]

0.071

SOFA (median [IQR])

4.00 [2.00, 6.00]

5.00 [3.00, 8.00]

0.567

5.00 [2.00, 7.00]

5.00 [2.00, 7.00]

0.082

APSIII (median [IQR])

40.00 [29.00, 53.00]

49.00 [37.00, 63.00]

0.438

46.00 [34.75, 58.00]

42.50 [33.00, 56.00]

0.145

Days of hospital (median [IQR])

13.71 [7.85, 21.92]

10.82 [6.19, 19.41]

0.135

11.92 [7.08, 20.95]

11.90 [6.88, 21.52]

0.011

Days of ICU (median [IQR]) Outcome

3.93 [1.75, 8.98]

3.61 [1.81, 7.52]

0.088

3.09 [1.69, 7.21]

3.02 [1.57, 7.17]

0.094

In-hospital mortality (%)

129 (18.3)

718 (20.9)

0.065

56 (21.9)

28 (10.9)

0.3