Table 1 Detailed summary characteristics of the included RCTs
Study | Country | Sample Size(Intervention/Control) | Pulmonary rehabilitation type | Intervention frequency | Intervention intensity | Intervention duration | Control group | Setting | Participants’ type | Mechanical ventilation Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cader et al.2012 [19] | Brazil | 14/14 | IMT | twice a day, 7 days a week | Initial load of 30% of the MIP, increasing daily by 10% | until extubation | conventional physiotherapy | ICU | bed-ridden elderly intensive care patients | ≥ 48 h |
Chen et al.2012 [21] | China | 12/15 | IMT + Extremity muscle training | 4–6 sessions a week | 60–80% of age-predicted maximal heart rate | 14 days | same treatment except for exercise training | RCC | Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation(PMV) | ≥ 21 days |
Chiang et al.2006 [22] | China | 17/15 | Extremity muscle training | 5 times a week | Set at 10 to 11 for the first week and then progressed to 12 to 13 for the next 5weeks. | 42 days | standard therapy | RCC | PMV | ≥ 14 days |
Condessa et al.2013 [23] | Brazil | 38/39 | IMT | twice a day, seven days a week | with a load equal to 40% of the participant’s MIP | until extubation | usual care | ICU | PMV | ≥ 48 h |
Dantas et al.2023 [24] | Brazil | 14/14 | Extremity muscle training | twice a day, every day of the week | / | 42 days | passive mobilization of the four limbs | ICU | Critical illness | ≥ 48 h |
Hsin et al.2022 [25] | China | 29/30 | NMES | 5 days a week | Observed visible muscle contraction | 7 days | similar intervention, except that the stimulator power was off. | RCC | PMV | > 21 days |
Leite et al.2018 [26] | Brazil | 17/26 | NMES | once a day | produced visible contractions | until ICU discharge | regular treatment | Surgical ICU | Critical illness | ≥ 24 h |
Lin et al.2024 [27] | China | 17/14 | Abdominal sandbag training | twice a day, five days a week | maintain a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg | 90 days | standard chronic weaning protocol | RCC | Chronic respiratory failure | ≥ 63 days |
Reshia et al.2023 [28] | Egypt | 35/35 | Chest physiotherapy | / | / | / | standard nursing chest care | ICU | PMV | ≥ 48 h |
Yang et al.2024 [29] | China | 40/40 | IMT | twice a day | vibration frequency of 40 Hz | 7 days | routine care | neurosurgical department | Mechanically ventilated patients following brainstem hemorrhage | ≥ 24 h |
Zhou et al.2024 [30] | China | 23/24 | NMES + IMT | twice a day | set at 50% of MIP | 5 days | routine care | ICU | neurocritical patients with weaning failure | ≥ 48 h |
Caruso et al.2005 [20] | Brazil | 12/13 | IMT | twice a day | 40% of MIP | 10 days | received no inspiratory muscle training, | Surgical ICU | PMV | > 72 h |