Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age, years

44.00 (31.00,58.00)

41.00 (30.00,54.00)

59.00 (45.00,68.00)

 < 0.001

Male

5259 (47.58%)

4487 (47.84%)

772 (46.14%)

0.202

BMI, kg/m²

28.21 (24.46,32.70)

28.02 (24.30,32.50)

29.23 (25.30,34.09)

 < 0.001

Obesity, %

4256 (38.51%)

3504 (37.49%)

752 (45.41%)

 < 0.001

Undernutrition, %

138 (1.25%)

112 (1.20%)

26 (1.57%)

0.210

Race, %

 < 0.001

Non-Hispanic White

4484 (40.57%)

3986 (42.49%)

498 (29.77%)

Non-Hispanic Black

2363 (21.38%)

1897 (20.22%)

466 (27.85%)

Mexican American

1923 (17.40%)

1613 (17.20%)

310 (18.53%)

Others

2283 (20.66%)

1884 (20.09%)

399 (23.85%)

Household income, %

 < 0.001

 < $55,000

6554 (59.30%)

5334 (56.87%)

1220 (72.92%)

 ≥ $55,000

4037 (36.52%)

3676 (39.19%)

361 (21.58%)

Not recorded

462 (4.18%)

370 (3.94%)

92 (5.50%)

Education levels, %

 < 0.001

Below high school

2736 (24.75%)

2034 (21.68%)

702 (41.96%)

High school

5733 (51.87%)

4959 (52.87%)

774 (46.26%)

Above high school

2584 (23.38%)

2387 (25.45%)

197 (11.78%)

Smoking status, %

4563 (41.28%)

3825 (40.78%)

738 (44.11%)

0.011

Drinking status, %

7590 (68.67%)

6633 (70.71%)

957 (57.20%)

 < 0.001

Diabetes status, %

1335 (12.08%)

924 (9.85%)

411 (24.57%)

 < 0.001

Cardiovascular diseases, %

502 (4.54%)

309 (3.29%)

193 (11.54%)

 < 0.001

Hypertension, %

3245 (29.36%)

2450 (26.12%)

795 (47.52%)

 < 0.001

Stroke, %

210 (1.90%)

113 (1.20%)

97 (5.80%)

 < 0.001

Malignancy, %

680 (6.15%)

510 (5.44%)

170 (10.16%)

 < 0.001

CKD, %

1031 (9.33%)

709 (7.66%)

322 (19.67%)

 < 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

101.43 (86.32,115.93)

102.94 (88.14,116.92)

92.40 (75.82,108.28)

 < 0.001

HDL, mmol/L

1.29 (1.06,1.58)

1.29 (1.06,1.58)

1.27 (1.06,1.53)

0.016

Albumin, g/L

43.00 (41.00,45.00)

43.00 (41.00,45.00)

42.00 (40.00,44.00)

 < 0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.96 (4.32,5.71)

4.96 (4.32,5.69)

5.02 (4.29,5.77)

0.127

TG, mmol/L

1.37 (0.89,2.13)

1.34 (0.88,2.10)

1.52 (1.00,2.31)

 < 0.001

White blood cell, × 10⁹/L

6.80 (5.60,8.20)

6.80 (5.60,8.20)

6.90 (5.70,8.20)

0.288

Neutrophil, × 10⁹/L

3.90 (3.00,5.00)

3.90 (3.00,5.00)

3.90 (3.00,5.00)

0.865

Lymphocyte, × 10⁹/L

2.10 (1.70,2.50)

2.10 (1.70,2.50)

2.10 (1.70,2.60)

0.484

Monocyte, × 10⁹/L

0.50 (0.40,0.60)

0.50 (0.40,0.60)

0.50 (0.40,0.60)

0.012

Platelet, × 10⁹/L

243.00 (205.00,288.00)

240.00 (203.00,287.00)

258.00 (212.00,300.00)

0.006

NLR

1.88 (1.43,2.50)

1.88 (1.44,2.48)

1.87 (1.41,2.50)

0.546

PLR

117.78 (94.00,147.14)

117.89 (94.35,146.80)

115.93 (92.14,149.05)

0.448

MLR

0.24 (0.19,0.30)

0.24 (0.19,0.30)

0.24 (0.19,0.32)

0.062

SII

456.23 (330.00,639.40)

456.00 (331.55,637.15)

458.25 (317.78,651.20)

0.695

dNLR

0.84 (0.80,0.88)

0.84 (0.81,0.88)

0.84 (0.80,0.87)

 < 0.001

NMLR

2.13 (1.65,2.76)

2.13 (1.67,2.76)

2.12 (1.64,2.80)

0.687

SIRI

0.93 (0.64,1.34)

0.93 (0.64,1.34)

0.95 (0.65,1.40)

0.233

FEV1, L

3.08 (2.50,3.71)

3.21 (2.67,3.83)

2.24 (1.83,2.80)

 < 0.001

FVC, L

3.82 (3.12,4.61)

3.96 (3.29,4.74)

2.86 (2.32,3.60)

 < 0.001

FEV1/FVC

0.80 (0.76,0.84)

0.81 (0.77,0.85)

0.78 (0.74,0.83)

 < 0.001

FEV1%predicted

1.00 (0.94,1.00)

1.00 (0.96,1.00)

0.92 (0.81,1.00)

 < 0.001

PEFR, L/s

8.02 (6.66,9.70)

8.46 (7.16,10.04)

5.25 (4.62,6.72)

 < 0.001

PEFR %predicted

1.01 (0.87,1.16)

1.04 (0.91,1.19)

0.79 (0.67,0.91)

 < 0.001