Fig. 2

Medical thoracoscopy combined with urokinase for the treatment of empyema. (A-C): The preoperative chest CT scan demonstrated a loculated pleural effusion in the left hemithorax. (D-F): Thoracoscopy revealed a substantial accumulation of purulent pleural effusion in the pleural cavity, with adhesions and fibrinous membranes successfully removed via medical thoracoscopic intervention. (G-I): Postoperative follow-up chest CT demonstrated complete resolution of the loculated pleural effusion on the left side