Table 3 Diagnostic performance of the radiomics model, clinical model, and combined model

Lung Radiomics model

Training cohort

0.76[0.68, 0.83]

90

49

99

-

0.012

0.029

0.003

Internal validation cohort

0.84 [0.76, 0.93]

88

52

97

-

0.669

0.949

0.893

External validation cohort

0.69 [0.62, 0.77]

48

93

38

-

0.234

0.189

0.112

Mediastinum/Lung-and-Mediastinum Radiomics model

Training cohort

0.85 [0.79, 0.91]

85

69

89

-

1

0.081

0.034

Internal validation cohort

0.82 [0.72, 0.93]

84

66

88

-

1

0.702

0.283

External validation cohort

0.76 [0.68, 0.84]

63

85

58

-

1

0.527

0.018

Clinical model

Training cohort

0.71[0.64, 0.78]

63

79

59

0.267

<0.001

0.019

<0.001

Internal validation cohort

0.70 [0.59, 0.81]

63

66

63

0.190

0.056

0.007

0.015

External validation cohort

0.59 [0.51, 0.68]

39

93

26

0.062

0.005

0.003

<0.001

CAC scores

model

Training cohort

0.65 [0.57, 0.72]

77

38

86

0.060

<0.001

0.011

<0.001

Internal validation cohort

0.58 [0.47, 0.70]

71

32

83

<0.001

0.004

0.002

0.002

External validation cohort

0.62 [0.53, 0.71]

73

27

84

0.156

0.012

0.047

0.003

Lung Combined model

Training cohort

0.79[0.72, 0.86]

86

56

93

-

-

-

0.021

Internal validation cohort

0.84 [0.74, 0.94]

86

62

92

-

-

-

0.914

External validation cohort

0.72 [0.65, 0.80]

60

83

54

-

-

-

0.294

Mediastinum Combined model

Training cohort

0.86 [0.81, 0.92]

83

74

85

-

-

-

-

Internal validation cohort

0.84 [0.74, 0.94]

79

72

81

-

-

-

-

External validation cohort

0.78 [0.70, 0.85]

67

78

64

-

-

-

-