Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Number

654

218

218

218

LAR

89.85 (67.34-137.43)

58.93 (49.61–67.28)

89.85 (82.37-101.09)

170.31 (137.81-248.59)

< 0.001

Log2 LAR

6.68 (0.94)

5.83 (0.30)

6.51 (0.18)

7.70 (0.84)

< 0.001

Age, years

71.45 (10.97)

70.86 (12.12)

72.86 (10.21)

70.64 (10.39)

0.065

Gender, Female

318 (48.62%)

108 (49.54%)

110 (50.46%)

100 (45.87%)

0.598

Race

0.700

 White

434 (66.36%)

148 (67.89%)

145 (66.51%)

141 (64.68%)

 Black

52 (7.95%)

20 (9.17%)

18 (8.26%)

14 (6.42%)

 Asian

12 (1.83%)

2 (0.92%)

5 (2.29%)

5 (2.29%)

 Other

156 (23.85%)

48 (22.02%)

50 (22.94%)

58 (26.61%)

Heart Rate (beats/min)

93.95 (21.04)

92.55 (19.01)

93.22 (23.00)

96.07 (20.86)

0.179

Respiration rate (beats/min)

21.96 (6.14)

22.01 (6.43)

21.32 (5.17)

22.54 (6.67)

0.116

SBP (mmHg)

125.45 (25.71)

128.47 (25.05)

125.89 (25.33)

121.99 (26.43)

0.029

SpO2 (%)

95.63 (4.51)

95.79 (3.96)

95.76 (3.94)

95.33 (5.47)

0.485

Na⁺ (mmol/L)

138.35 (5.92)

137.41 (6.01)

138.54 (5.88)

139.10 (5.76)

0.014

K⁺ (mmol/L)

4.46 (0.84)

4.46 (0.79)

4.43 (0.83)

4.50 (0.91)

0.687

Glucose (mg/dL)

159.93 (90.58)

159.92 (85.34)

160.09 (71.39)

159.78 (110.73)

0.999

LDH (U/L)

279.00 (212.00-397.75)

198.00 (170.25–226.00)

280.50 (244.25–319.00)

493.00 (390.75-740.75)

< 0.001

ALB (g/dl)

3.13 (0.57)

3.45 (0.47)

3.08 (0.50)

2.86 (0.58)

< 0.001

BUN (mg/dl)

26.00 (17.00–41.00)

22.00 (16.00–33.00)

29.00 (18.00–42.00)

28.00 (18.00–48.00)

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

1.10 (0.80–1.60)

0.90 (0.70–1.30)

1.10 (0.80–1.70)

1.20 (0.80–1.80)

0.002

WBC (K/µL)

11.20 (7.70–15.70)

10.00 (7.20–13.40)

11.00 (7.60-14.55)

13.15 (8.40-18.48)

< 0.001

HGB (g/dl)

10.73 (2.37)

10.89 (2.35)

10.45 (2.44)

10.83 (2.30)

0.130

PLT (K/µL)

204.00 (139.00-268.50)

215.00 (147.50-271.50)

202.00 (140.50-267.75)

187.00 (120.75–266.00)

0.071

Hypertension

234 (35.78%)

82 (37.61%)

77 (35.32%)

75 (34.40%)

0.771

Diabetes

218 (33.33%)

73 (33.49%)

75 (34.40%)

70 (32.11%)

0.877

CAD

275 (42.05%)

64 (29.36%)

98 (44.95%)

113 (51.83%)

< 0.001

CHF

344 (52.60%)

110 (50.46%)

121 (55.50%)

113 (51.83%)

0.552

CKD

162 (24.77%)

47 (21.56%)

58 (26.61%)

57 (26.15%)

0.402

Liver disease

83 (12.69%)

22 (10.09%)

28 (12.84%)

33 (15.14%)

0.285

Malignancy

120 (18.35%)

37 (16.97%)

37 (16.97%)

46 (21.10%)

0.437

Obesity

215 (32.87%)

64 (29.36%)

75 (34.40%)

76 (34.86%)

0.398

Use of invasive ventilation

848 (35.86%)

105 (48.17%)

120 (55.05%)

154 (70.64%)

< 0.001

Use of non-invasive ventilation

497 (20.50%)

43 (19.72%)

39 (17.89%)

23 (10.55%)

0.022

SOFA

4.21 (3.02)

3.92 (3.21)

4.26 (3.73)

5.12 (4.33)

< 0.001

OASIS

37.06 (9.01)

34.70 (8.41)

36.56 (8.48)

39.92 (9.37)

< 0.001

SAPSII

42.60 (13.81)

37.97 (11.98)

41.93 (12.00)

47.90 (15.36)

< 0.001

1-month all-cause mortality

178 (27.22%)

45 (17.51%)

98 (29.97%)

35 (50.00%)

< 0.001

3-month all-cause mortality

178 (27.22%)

178 (27.22%)

81 (37.16%)

103 (47.25%)

< 0.001