Fig. 6

Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI) in the representative PAH subject (Case P5). a-b Anterior/posterior views of the entire arterial tree, highlighting disturbed flow regions (color scale up to OSI = 0.4). c-d Anterior/posterior views of the main pulmonary artery. e Group-averaged OSI (n = 7) comparing extensive pulmonary artery tree (up to 6 th-generation branches) and main arteries (p < 0.05), with localized peaks reaching OSI = 0.16 in dilated regions. Note: Asteriks denote statistical significance, with * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001