Fig. 1

Flowchart for the extraction of unrecognized COPD and smoker-without-COPD (non-COPD smoker) cases from suspected COPD (sCOPD) cases who visited the hospital for non-respiratory treatment, and the sorting of sCOPD cases (within the square with broken lines). Gray arrows indicate COPD and non-COPD identification using the spirometry test. Closed arrows indicate discrimination using the reference value
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PEF, peak expiratory flow