Fig. 1

Characteristics of PD-L1 expression and the TMB in patients. A. TMB in patients with different stages of LUAD and LUSC. The LUSC cohort exhibited significantly higher TMB than the LUAD cohort across all stages (stage I-III: median 10.56 vs. 2.00 muts/Mb, p < 0.001; stage IV: 10.56 vs. 3.84 muts/Mb, p < 0.001). B. Correlation between TMB and PD-L1 expression. No significant correlation was observed (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.1043, 95% CI: 0.68 − 0.14, p < 0.001)