Fig. 2

Stage-specific genomic features of PD-L1-stratified LUAD and LUSC. LUAD Subgroups. A. High PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%). Stage I-III LUAD showed enrichment of NTRK2 (I-III vs. IV: 4.92% vs. 0.38%, p = 0.022) and ERBB3 (I-III vs. IV: 4.92% vs. 0.38%, p = 0.022) compared to stage IV. B. Low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1–49%). Stage IV tumors exhibited higher TP53 mutations (I-III vs. IV: 49.62% vs. 59.51%, p = 0.009), while SETD2 was more enrichment in Stage I-III (I-III vs. IV: 9.77% vs. 5.41%, p = 0.026). C. Negative PD-L1 expression (TPS < 1%). TP53 (I-III vs. IV: 32.48% vs. 51.05%, p < 0.001) and RET (I-III vs. IV: 0.43% vs. 2.58%, p = 0.001) were more common in stage IV LUAD, while RBM10 (I-III vs. IV: 16.45% vs. 9.29%, p < 0.001) and EGFR were more significant in I-III LUAD (I-III vs. IV: 64.74% vs. 55.14%, p = 0.001). LUSC Subgroups. D. High PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%). EPHA3 (I-III vs. IV: 28.57% vs. 4.76%, p = 0.004), ABCB1 (I-III vs. IV: 14.29% vs. 0.00%, p = 0.007) and MLL2 were more significantly expressed in stage I-III (I-III vs. IV: 47.62% vs. 19.05%, p = 0.011). E. Low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1–49%). AFAF was more significantly expressed in stage I-III (I-III vs. IV: 4.84% vs. 0.00%, p = 0.02). F. Negative PD-L1 expression (TPS < 1%). PIK3R2 and other genes were enriched in stage I-III (I-III vs. IV: 14.29% vs. 1.29%, p = 0.003). TPS, tumor proportion score; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma